56 million pregnancy data research confirms that pre-pregnancy diabetes has far exceeded that of gestational diabetes
In recent years, the impact of diabetes on pregnancy has attracted much attention. A large-scale study based on 56 million pregnancy data worldwide reveals shocking results:Pre-gestational Diabetes have a greater harm to maternal and infant health than gestational Diabetes. This study result once again emphasizes the importance of pre-pregnancy health management.
Research background and methods
The study, led by the International Union of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO), covers 56 million pregnancy data in 56 countries around the world from 2010 to 2023. Through a retrospective cohort analysis, the researchers compared the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes.
| Group | Sample size | Average age | BMI index |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pregnancy diabetes group | 2,340,000 | 31.2±4.8 | 28.6±5.2 |
| Gestational diabetes group | 5,670,000 | 29.8±3.6 | 26.3±4.1 |
| Healthy control group | 48,000,000 | 28.5±3.2 | 24.1±3.8 |
Main research findings
The results of the study show that the risk of serious complications in pregnant women with diabetics before pregnancy is significantly higher than that in pregnant women with gestational diabetes:
| Complication types | Pre-pregnancy diabetes group (%) | Gestational diabetes group (%) | Healthy control group (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preeclampsia | 18.6 | 8.2 | 3.1 |
| Premature birth | 25.3 | 12.5 | 7.8 |
| Huge | 32.8 | 19.4 | 8.3 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 28.5 | 15.2 | 2.6 |
| Perinatal death | 3.8 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
Significant differences in long-term impact
Researchers have paid particular attention to the long-term effects of diabetes on mother and baby. Data show that children of pre-pregnancy diabetic mothers have a 2.3-fold risk of developing metabolic syndrome before the age of 5 (15.6% vs 6.8%) than those of the gestational diabetes group. The proportion of pre-pregnancy diabetic mothers who progress to type 2 diabetes within 10 years after giving birth is as high as 68.3%, far higher than the 32.5% in the gestational diabetes group.
Expert interpretation and suggestions
"Pre-pregnancy diabetes means that mothers already have metabolic disorders before pregnancy, and this long-term high blood sugar environment has negative effects on all stages of fetal development. In contrast, gestational diabetes usually occurs in the second trimester and has relatively limited harm to the fetus."
Expert advice:
1. Women planning to become pregnant should undergo a comprehensive health assessment before pregnancy, especially blood sugar screening
2. Women with confirmed diabetes should control their blood sugar within the ideal range (HbA1c<6.5%) before becoming pregnant
3. Medical institutions should strengthen prenatal monitoring of pregnant women with prenatal diabetes
Public health significance
This study results are of great guiding significance for the formulation of global public health policies. Researchers call on health departments in various countries:
- Include pre-pregnancy diabetes screening into basic public health services
- Strengthen the prevention and treatment of diabetes for women of childbearing age
- Establish a full-course diabetes management mechanism for pre-prenatal and postpartum
The study, published in the Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Division, is expected to change the global guidelines for gestational diabetes management. The researchers will next focus on the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions, providing more evidence-based evidence for clinical practice.
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